Security/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 22:52, 30 January 2017

Overview

550px-Sandboxing basic architecture.png

Security Sandboxing makes use of child processes as a security boundary. The process model, i.e. how Firefox is split into various processes and how these processes interact between each other is common to all platforms. For more information see the Electrolysis wiki page. The security aspects of a sandboxed child process are implemented on a per-platform basis. See the Platform Specifics section below for more information.

Current Status

Sandbox Trunk Aurora Beta Release Next Target
Level Level Version Level Version Level Version Level Version
Windows (content) Level 2 Level 1 Fx50 Level 1 Fx50 Level 1 Fx50 Level 3 Fx54
Windows (compositor) Level 0
Windows (GMP) enabled enabled enabled enabled
Windows 64bit (NPAPI Plugin) enabled enabled enabled enabled
OSX (content) Level 2 Level 1 Fx52 Level 1 Fx52 Level 2 Fx54
OSX (GMP) enabled enabled enabled enabled
Linux (content) Level 2 Level 2 Fx53
Linux (GMP) enabled enabled enabled enabled

Windows

Content / Compositor Levels

Sandbox security related setting are grouped together and associated with a security level. Lower level values indicate a less restrictive sandbox.

Sandbox Feature Level 0 Level 1 Level 2
Job Level JOB_NONE JOB_NONE JOB_INTERACTIVE
Access Token Level USER_NON_ADMIN USER_NON_ADMIN USER_INTERACTIVE
Alternate Desktop no no no
Alternate Windows Station no no no
Initial Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_MEDIUM INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Delayed Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_MEDIUM INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Mitigations None

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

Delayed Mitigations None

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

Sandbox Feature Level 3* Level 10 Level 20
Job Level JOB_RESTRICTED JOB_RESTRICTED JOB_LOCKDOWN
Access Token Level USER_LIMITED USER_LIMITED USER_LOCKDOWN
Alternate Desktop yes** yes yes
Alternate Windows Station no yes yes
Initial Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Delayed Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW INTEGRITY_LEVEL_UNTRUSTED
Mitigations

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

Delayed Mitigations

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

* Not implemented yet.
** Might be dropped.

Windows Feature Header

Gecko Media Plugin

Sandbox Feature Level
Job Level JOB_LOCKDOWN
Access Token Level USER_LOCKDOWN, USER_RESTRICTED[1]
Initial Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Delayed Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_UNTRUSTED
Alternate desktop yes
Mitigations

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

Delayed Mitigations

MITIGATION_STRICT_HANDLE_CHECKS
MITIGATION_DLL_SEARCH_ORDER

[1] depends on the media plugin

64-bit Plugin

Sandbox Feature Level
Job Level JOB_UNPROTECTED
Access Token Level USER_INTERACTIVE
Initial Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Delayed Integrity Level INTEGRITY_LEVEL_LOW
Alternate desktop no
Mitigations

MITIGATION_BOTTOM_UP_ASLR
MITIGATION_HEAP_TERMINATE
MITIGATION_SEHOP
MITIGATION_DEP_NO_ATL_THUNK
MITIGATION_DEP

Delayed Mitigations

OSX

Content Levels

Job Level Detail
Level 1 [1]
  • write access to most of the filesystem
  • inbound/outbound network I/O
  • exec, fork
  • printing
Level 2
  • write access to most of the filesystem
  • inbound/outbound network I/O
  • exec, fork
  • printing
  • read ~/Library and the profile directory (apart from the weave and extensions subdirectories).
Level 3 TBD

[1] Level 1 restrictions are a subset of level 2.


See How security.sandbox.content.level Affects File Access and Filter rules for more details.

Gecko Media Plugins

Filter rules

Linux

Content

Filter ruleset

Filesystem access policy

Gecko Media Plugin

Filter ruleset

Preferences

Process Type Preference Type Preference
Content numerical security.sandbox.content.level
NPAPI Plugin boolean dom.ipc.plugins.sandbox-level.default
dom.ipc.plugins.sandbox-level.<plugintype>
Compositor TBD TBD
Media Embedded N/A

Note - Levels greater than the current default for a particular process type are not implemented.

Add-on File System Restrictions

Sandboxing enforces file system write and read restrictions for XUL based add-on content (frame and process) scripts. To avoid issues as sandboxing features roll out add-on authors should update their legacy add-on code today such that content scripts no longer attempt to read or write from restricted locations. Note these restrictions do not affect WebExtension content script or XUL add-on script running in the browser process.

File system access rules for content processes, reverse precedence:

Location Access Type Restriction
file system read/write deny by default
install location write deny
install location read allow
system library locations write deny
system library locations read allow
profile/* read/write deny by default
profile/extensions write deny
profile/extensions read allow

Debugging Features

Activity Logging

OSX

Sandbox violation logging is on by default when the sandbox is enabled. Use the Console.app application to view the logs.

  • Fixed: bug 1306239 - Add pref to toggle OS X sandbox violation debugging, default off
  • TBD: bug 1333260 - Investigate using nsSandboxViolationSink.mm for in-browser sandbox violation reporting

Windows

The following prefs control sandbox logging on Windows:

security.sandbox.windows.log (boolean)
security.sandbox.windows.log.stackTraceDepth (integer)

The following environment variables also control logging on Windows:

MOZ_WIN_SANDBOX_LOGGING

Linux

The following environment variables control logging on Linux:

MOZ_SANDBOX_VERBOSE

Local Build Options

To disable building the sandbox completely build with this in your mozconfig:

ac_add_options --disable-sandbox

To disable just the content sandbox parts:

ac_add_options --disable-content-sandbox

Misc. Environment variables

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE DESCRIPTION PLATFORM
MOZ_DISABLE_CONTENT_SANDBOX Disables content process sandboxing for debugging purposes. All
MOZ_DISABLE_GMP_SANDBOX Disable media plugin sandbox for debugging purposes, all platforms. All
MOZ_DISABLE_NPAPI_SANDBOX Disable 64-bit NPAPI process sandbox, Windows specific. Windows
MOZ_ALLOW_WEAKER_SANDBOX Specific to 64-bit Plugin sandbox, allows 64-bit NPAPI sandbox level to drop below 2. Windows

Platform Specifics

Windows

Source Code Overview

The core of the Windows sandbox is Google's chromium sandbox. Relative to the root of mozilla-central, the sandbox exists at:

security/sandbox

The chromium sandbox is based on the chromium base libraries (Google's code) which are located at:

security/sandbox/chromium/base

There is also partial/shim code to get the base code compiling with our SDK build settings or to limit the base code by reducing dependencies at:

security/sandbox/chromium-shim/base

The chromium Windows sandbox itself (Google's code) is located at:

security/sandbox/chromium/sandbox/win

Processes Overview

There are 2 processes when dealing with a sandboxed application:

  1. The broker: The parent process that starts sandboxed children
  2. The target: The child process that is sandboxed

Both processes make use of the chromium sandbox library, but they make use of it indirectly through 2 libraries (Mozilla code). This indirect use of the library is due to header conflicts with the ipc layer where it has a different, much older, non compatible, copy of the chromium base library (bug 925471):

  1. For the broker, ./security/sandbox/win/src/sandboxbroker
  2. For the target, ./security/sandbox/win/src/sandboxtarget

Key source code locations

The sandboxed target process lowers its own privileges after initialization via these calls:
Content process
GMP process
NPAPI process

Level descriptions header:
http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/security/sandbox/chromium/sandbox/win/src/security_level.h

The call that starts the sandboxed process in Firefox is:
https://dxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/rev/918df3a0bc1c/ipc/glue/GeckoChildProcessHost.cpp#1030

All of the code that sets policies can be found here:
http://dxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/security/sandbox/win/src/sandboxbroker/sandboxBroker.cpp

OSX

The OSX sandbox is based on the TrustedBSD MAC Framework. It is undocumented and considered private by Apple.

Linux

Seccomp stands for secure computing mode. It's a simple sandboxing tool in the Linux kernel, available since Linux version 2.6.12. When enabling seccomp, the process enters a "secure mode" where a very small number of system calls are available (exit(), read(), write(), sigreturn()). Writing code to work in this environment is difficult; for example, dynamic memory allocation (using brk() or mmap(), either directly or to implement malloc()) is not possible.

Seccomp-BPF is a more recent extension to seccomp, which allows filtering system calls with BPF (Berkeley Packet Filter) programs. Most of our Linux user base have systems that support seccomp-bpf.

These filters can be used to allow or deny an arbitrary set of system calls, as well as filter on system call arguments (numeric values only; pointer arguments can't be dereferenced). Additionally, instead of simply terminating the process, the filter can raise a signal, which allows the signal handler to simulate the effect of a disallowed system call (or simply gather more information on the failure for debugging purposes). Seccomp-bpf is available since Linux version 3.5 and is usable on the ARM architecture since Linux version 3.10. Several backports are available for earlier kernel versions.

For limitations that apply to the semantics of system calls (e.g., “can this process access the filesystem”, not “can this process use system call #83”) we require unprivileged user namespaces, which a large majority of desktop users don't support. Specifically: chroot()ing into a deleted directory to revoke FS access, and namespace unsharing for networking, SysV IPC if possible, and process IDs.


Bug Lists

  • Windows Content Process
    • sbwc1
      • low integrity sandbox support
      • Roll out level 1 sandbox policy to release. (completed, fx50)
    • sbwc2
      • file:/// isolation
      • User token removal, to limit User directory file access
      • use JOB_RESTRICTED to apply further global restrictions
      • printing tests
      • roll out level 3 to release (target: fx54)
    • Need to scope out future milestones including:
      • using an alternate desktop
      • using an alternate winstation and desktop
      • general file system (and registry) read access restrictions (USER_RESTRICTED / UESR_LOCKDOWN)
      • JOB_LOCKDOWN
      • reducing exposure to system APIs
      • running at untrusted integrity level
      • use of lowbox token / AppContainers
  • OSX Content Process
    • sbmc1
      • Roll out level 1 OSX security sandbox access ruleset. (completed, fx52)
      • Prevent file system write access
    • sbmc2
      • Home directory read access restrictions
      • file:/// isolation
      • roll out level2 OSX sandbox to release (target: fx54)
    • sbmc3
      • TBD: Triage existing sandbox rules and define set to remove in milestone 3
      • File access: system /tmp and /var/folders/ and any other individual directories
      • Limit User directory file access
  • Linux Content Process
    • sblc1
      • enable (heavily perforated) seccomp-bpf filter by default in Nightly
    • sblc2
      • land basic file system broker
      • remove/restrict file system write access
      • roll out entry level file broker to release (target: fx53)
    • sblc3
      • remove/restrict file system read access
      • file:/// isolation?
      • remote pulseaudio work (BLOCKED on media work, TBD)
    • sblc4
      • remove/restrict socket access/modification and solve X11 problem
    • sblc5
      • make use of chroot and user namespaces
  • Windows 64-bit NPAPI

Triage Lists

Communication

Weekly Team Meeting Thursday at 8:00am PT
  • Vidyo: "PlatInt" room
  • Invitation: Contact Jim Mathies to get added to the meeting invite list.
  • Meeting Notes Archive
IRC
  • Server: irc.mozilla.org
  • Channel: #boxing
Newsgroup/Mailing List

People

Engineering Management
  • Jim Mathies (jimm)
Project Management
  • TBD
QA
  • Tracy Walker (Quality Assurance Lead)
Development Team
  • Haik Aftandilian (haik)
  • Julian Hector (tedd)
  • Jim Mathies (jimm)
  • Bob Owen (bobowen)
  • David Parks (handyman)
  • Gian-Carlo Pascutto (gcp)
Other Teams

Repo Module Ownership

Links

Research

B2G Archive

B2G has always been “sandboxed” to some extent; every app/tab gets its own content process, which uses the Android security model: a separate uid per process, no group memberships, and kernel patches that require group membership for things like network access. But privilege escalation via kernel vulnerabilities is relatively common, so we also use the seccomp-bpf system call filter to reduce the attack surface that a compromised content process can directly access.

Older

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